Engineering aspects and solution quality of State Estimator in Control Center operations

State Estimator technology has been in use in Control Centers for over 3 decades. It is still a challenge in supporting State Estimator (SE) 24 x 7 due to its critical role in ensuring Grid reliability and in supporting operational decision-making tools in real time, more so due to the extensive penetration of renewables. Due to its scope and complexity, it is still perplexing to many who are involved in supporting the State Estimator. This tutorial provides several key aspects including criticality of SE, extent of internal network model, external model, solution quality, metrics, tuning and 24 x 7 support system.